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Hypoglycemia

(Low Blood Sugar)

Overview

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which your blood sugar (glucose) level is lower than the standard range. Glucose is your body's main energy source.

Hypoglycemia is often related to diabetes treatment. But other drugs and a variety of conditions — many rare — can cause low blood sugar in people who don't have diabetes.

Hypoglycemia needs immediate treatment. For many people, a fasting blood sugar of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 3.9 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or below should serve as an alert for hypoglycemia. But your numbers might be different. Ask your health care provider.

Treatment involves quickly getting your blood sugar back to within the standard range either with a high-sugar food or drink or with medication. Long-term treatment requires identifying and treating the cause of hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemia vs. hyperglycemia

These two terms might sound similar, but they mean opposite things.

“Hypo-” means low, so “hypoglycemia” is low blood sugar.
“Hyper-” means high, so “hyperglycemia” is high blood sugar.

What is low blood glucose?

Low blood glucose, also called low blood sugar or hypoglycemia, occurs when the level of glucose in your blood drops below what is healthy for you. For many people with diabetes, this means a blood glucose reading lower than 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Your number might be different, so check with your doctor or health care team to find out what blood glucose level is low for you. Severe hypoglycemia is when blood sugar goes below 54 mg/dL. This can make you faint. When your blood sugar is this low, you might need someone else to give you emergency treatment such as glucagon.

Hypoglycemia is a condition caused by low blood glucose (blood sugar) levels. Glucose is the main way your body gets energy. The condition is most common in people with diabetes who have issues with medicine, food, or exercise. But sometimes people who don't have diabetes can also get low blood sugar.

There are two kinds of nondiabetic hypoglycemia:

Reactive hypoglycemia, which happens a few hours after you eat a meal

Fasting hypoglycemia, which might be linked to medicine or a disease

How common is low blood glucose?

Low blood glucose is common among people with type 1 diabetes and among people with type 2 diabetes who take insulin or some other diabetes medicines. In a large global study of people with diabetes who take insulin, 4 in 5 people with type 1 diabetes and nearly half of those with type 2 diabetes reported a low blood sugar event at least once over a 4-week period.

Severely low blood glucose, defined as when your blood glucose level drops so low you can’t treat it yourself, is less common. Among U.S. adults with diabetes who take insulin or some diabetes medicines that help the pancreas release insulin into the blood, 2 in 100 may develop severely low blood glucose each year.

Who is more likely to develop low blood glucose?

You are more likely to develop low blood glucose if you

have type 1 diabetes

take insulin or some other diabetes medicines

are age 65 or older

had low blood glucose before

have other health problems, such as kidney disease, heart disease, or cognitive impairment

Symptoms

If blood sugar levels become too low, hypoglycemia signs and symptoms can include:

Looking pale

Shakiness

Sweating

Headache

Hunger or nausea

An irregular or fast heartbeat

Fatigue

Irritability or anxiety

Difficulty concentrating

Dizziness or lightheadedness

Tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue or cheek

As hypoglycemia worsens, signs and symptoms can include:

Confusion, unusual behavior or both, such as the inability to complete routine tasks

Loss of coordination

Slurred speech

Blurry vision or tunnel vision

Nightmares, if asleep

Severe hypoglycemia may cause:

Unresponsiveness (loss of consciousness)

Seizures

When to see a doctor

Seek medical help immediately if:

You have what might be hypoglycemia symptoms and you don't have diabetes

You have diabetes and hypoglycemia isn't responding to treatment, such as drinking juice or regular (not diet) soft drinks, eating candy, or taking glucose tablets

Seek emergency help for someone with diabetes or a history of hypoglycemia who has symptoms of severe hypoglycemia or loses consciousness.

Causes

Hypoglycemia occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) level falls too low for bodily functions to continue. There are several reasons why this can happen. The most common reason for low blood sugar is a side effect of medications used to treat diabetes.

Blood sugar regulation

When you eat, your body breaks down foods into glucose. Glucose, the main energy source for your body, enters the cells with the help of insulin — a hormone produced by your pancreas. Insulin allows the glucose to enter the cells and provide the fuel your cells need. Extra glucose is stored in your liver and muscles in the form of glycogen.

When you haven't eaten for several hours and your blood sugar level drops, you will stop producing insulin. Another hormone from your pancreas called glucagon signals your liver to break down the stored glycogen and release glucose into your bloodstream. This keeps your blood sugar within a standard range until you eat again.

Your body also has the ability to make glucose. This process occurs mainly in your liver, but also in your kidneys. With prolonged fasting, the body can break down fat stores and use products of fat breakdown as an alternative fuel.

Possible causes, with diabetes

If you have diabetes, you might not make insulin (type 1 diabetes) or you might be less responsive to it (type 2 diabetes). As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream and can reach dangerously high levels. To correct this problem, you might take insulin or other medications to lower blood sugar levels.

But too much insulin or other diabetes medications may cause your blood sugar level to drop too much, causing hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia can also occur if you eat less than usual after taking your regular dose of diabetes medication, or if you exercise more than you typically do.

Possible causes, without diabetes

Hypoglycemia in people without diabetes is much less common.

Causes can include:

Medications. Taking someone else's oral diabetes medication accidentally is a possible cause of hypoglycemia. Other medications can cause hypoglycemia, especially in children or in people with kidney failure. One example is quinine (Qualaquin), used to treat malaria.

Excessive alcohol drinking. Drinking heavily without eating can keep the liver from releasing glucose from its glycogen stores into the bloodstream. This can lead to hypoglycemia.

Some critical illnesses. Severe liver illnesses such as severe hepatitis or cirrhosis, severe infection, kidney disease, and advanced heart disease can cause hypoglycemia. Kidney disorders also can keep your body from properly excreting medications. This can affect glucose levels due to a buildup of medications that lower blood sugar levels.

Long-term starvation. Hypoglycemia can occur with malnutrition and starvation when you don't get enough food, and the glycogen stores your body needs to create glucose are used up. An eating disorder called anorexia nervosa is one example of a condition that can cause hypoglycemia and result in long-term starvation.

Insulin overproduction. A rare tumor of the pancreas (insulinoma) can cause you to produce too much insulin, resulting in hypoglycemia. Other tumors also can result in too much production of insulin-like substances. Unusual cells of the pancreas that produce insulin can result in excessive insulin release, causing hypoglycemia.

Hormone deficiencies. Certain adrenal gland and pituitary tumor disorders can result in an inadequate amount of certain hormones that regulate glucose production or metabolism. Children can have hypoglycemia if they have too little growth hormone.

Some cancers. Certain pancreatic tumors can cause your body to make too much insulin. As a result, your body moves glucose out of the bloodstream faster than it can be replaced.

Hypoglycemia after meals

Hypoglycemia usually occurs when you haven't eaten, but not always. Sometimes hypoglycemia symptoms occur after certain meals, but exactly why this happens is uncertain.

This type of hypoglycemia, called reactive hypoglycemia or postprandial hypoglycemia, can occur in people who have had surgeries that interfere with the usual function of the stomach. The surgery most commonly associated with this is stomach bypass surgery, but it can also occur in people who have had other surgeries.

A balanced diet is essential for good health, and it only becomes more important when you have low blood sugar. Remember, there’s no such thing as a “perfect” or “one-size-fits-all” diet because each body is different. But here are some general tips:

Avoid foods with refined sugar. Foods such as white bread and pasta cause blood sugar to spike.

Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. These contain important vitamins and nutrients.

Add some soluble fiber to your diet. You can find soluble fiber in foods such as flaxseed and oat bran. They slow down sugar absorption and help regulate blood glucose.

Talk with a doctor or dietitian about finding a meal plan that’s right for you.

Your diet and activity levels are also important.

If you don’t eat enough or exercise too much, but still take the same amount of medication, it creates an imbalance that lowers your blood sugar.

For instance, hypoglycemia can happen:

When you wait too long to eat after an insulin injection

After you eat a meal that has a lot of simple sugars

If you miss a snack or don't eat a full meal

If you eat later than usual

If you drink alcohol without eating any food

When you exercise more than usual

To avoid low blood sugar, don't skip meals if you have diabetes, particularly if you're taking diabetes medications. Balance your meals to include fiber, fat, and protein. A registered dietitian can help you find a meal plan that supports stable blood sugar.

If you have diabetes, it’s especially important to pay attention to your blood sugar when you’re sick. Some infections cause hormone changes that lead to high blood sugar. Others make it difficult to eat, which can make your blood sugar drop.

Ask your doctor in advance how to manage blood sugar when you get sick. For example, you might need to adjust your medications. If you are sick and keep throwing up, call your doctor. This could be a sign of a dangerous condition called ketoacidosis.

Complications

Mild-to-moderate low blood glucose can be easily treated. But severely low blood glucose can cause serious complications, including passing out, coma, or death.

Repeated episodes of low blood glucose can lead to

high blood glucose levels, if worry or fear of low blood glucose keeps you from taking the medicines you need to manage your diabetes

hypoglycemia unawareness, a condition in which you don’t notice any symptoms of low blood glucose until your blood glucose level has dropped very low

Untreated hypoglycemia can lead to:

Organ Failure

Heart Arrhythmias

Brain Damage

Seizure

Coma

Death

Hypoglycemia can also cause:

Dizziness and weakness

Falls

Injuries

Motor vehicle accidents

Greater risk of dementia in older adults

Hypoglycemia unawareness

Over time, repeated episodes of hypoglycemia can lead to hypoglycemia unawareness. The body and brain no longer produce signs and symptoms that warn of a low blood sugar, such as shakiness or irregular heartbeats (palpitations). When this happens, the risk of severe, life-threatening hypoglycemia increases.

If you have diabetes, recurring episodes of hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia unawareness, your health care provider might modify your treatment, raise your blood sugar level goals and recommend blood glucose awareness training.

A continuous glucose monitor (CGM) is an option for some people with hypoglycemia unawareness. The device can alert you when your blood sugar is too low.

Undertreated diabetes

If you have diabetes, episodes of low blood sugar are uncomfortable and can be frightening. Fear of hypoglycemia can cause you to take less insulin to ensure that your blood sugar level doesn't go too low. This can lead to uncontrolled diabetes. Talk to your health care provider about your fear, and don't change your diabetes medication dose without discussing changes with your health care provider.

Prevention

If you have diabetes

Follow the diabetes management plan you and your health care provider have developed. If you're taking new medications, changing your eating or medication schedules, or adding new exercise, talk to your health care provider about how these changes might affect your diabetes management and your risk of low blood sugar.

Learn the signs and symptoms you experience with low blood sugar. This can help you identify and treat hypoglycemia before it gets too low. Frequently checking your blood sugar level lets you know when your blood sugar is getting low.

Purchase a Blood Glucose Monitor for yourself here at iHealth Labs Inc

Print a copy of the Blood Sugar Log for your use

A continuous glucose monitor (CGM) is a good option for some people. A CGM has a tiny wire that's inserted under the skin that can send blood glucose readings to a receiver. If blood sugar levels are dropping too low, some CGM models will alert you with an alarm.

Some insulin pumps are now integrated with CGMs and can shut off insulin delivery when blood sugar levels are dropping too quickly to help prevent hypoglycemia.

Be sure to always have a fast-acting carbohydrate with you, such as juice, hard candy or glucose tablets so that you can treat a falling blood sugar level before it dips dangerously low.

Eat at least three evenly spaced meals each day with between-meal snacks as prescribed.

Exercise 30 minutes to 1 hour after meals. Check your sugars before and after exercise, and discuss with your doctor what types of changes you can make.

Double-check your insulin and dose of diabetes medicine before taking it.

If you drink alcohol, be moderate and monitor your blood sugar levels.

Know when your medicine is at its peak level.

Test your blood sugar as directed by your doctor.

Carry an identification bracelet that says you have diabetes.

Take care of yourself when you're sick, especially when vomiting.

Carry a sugary snack with you everywhere.

Inform your friends, colleagues, and family members that you're diabetic.

Take all your medications exactly as prescribed.

If you don't have diabetes

If you don’t have diabetes, ask your doctor if you need to adjust what you eat or how much you exercise. Some diet changes might help:

Eat small meals and snacks every few hours.

Include a broad variety of foods, including protein, fatty, and high-fiber foods.

Don't eat a lot of high-sugar foods.

Work with your doctor to figure out anything else that may be causing your symptoms.

Diagnosis

If you have hypoglycemia symptoms, your health care provider will likely conduct a physical exam and review your medical history.

If you use insulin or another diabetes medication to lower your blood sugar, and you have signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia, test your blood sugar levels with a blood glucose meter. If the result shows low blood sugar (under 70 mg/dL), treat according to your diabetes treatment plan.

Keep a record of your blood sugar testing results and how you treated low blood sugar levels so that your health care provider can review the information to help adjust your diabetes treatment plan.

If you don't use medications known to cause hypoglycemia, your health care provider will want to know:

What were your signs and symptoms? If you don't have signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia during your initial visit with your health care provider, he or she might have you fast overnight or longer. This will allow low blood sugar symptoms to occur so that a diagnosis can be made. It's also possible that you'll need do an extended fast — up to 72 hours — in a hospital setting.

What is your blood sugar level when you're having symptoms? Your health care provider will draw a blood sample to be analyzed in the lab. If your symptoms occur after a meal, the blood sugar tests may be done after you eat.

Do your symptoms disappear when blood sugar levels increase?

Treatment

Immediate hypoglycemia treatment

If you have hypoglycemia symptoms, do the following:

Eat or drink 15 to 20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrates. These are sugary foods or drinks without protein or fat that are easily converted to sugar in the body. Try glucose tablets or gel, fruit juice, regular (not diet) soda, honey, or sugary candy.

Recheck blood sugar levels 15 minutes after treatment. If blood sugar levels are still under 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), eat or drink another 15 to 20 grams of fast-acting carbohydrate, and recheck your blood sugar level again in 15 minutes. Repeat these steps until the blood sugar is above 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L).

Have a snack or meal. Once your blood sugar is back in the standard range, eating a healthy snack or meal can help prevent another drop in blood sugar and replenish your body's glycogen stores.

Immediate treatment of severe hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is considered severe if you need help from someone to recover. For example, if you can't eat, you might need a glucagon injection or intravenous glucose.

In general, people with diabetes who are treated with insulin should have a glucagon kit for emergencies. Family and friends need to know where to find the kit and how to use it in case of emergency.

If you're helping someone who is unconscious, don't try to give the person food or drink. If there's no glucagon kit available or you don't know how to use it, call for emergency medical help.

The FDA has approved the following medications that contain glucagon or similar substances:

Baqsimi, taken as a nasal powder

Dasiglucagon (Zegalogue), taken by injection

GlucaGen HypoKit, taken by injection

Glucagon Emergency Kit, taken by injection

Gvoke HypoPen, taken through injection

Treatment of an underlying condition

Preventing recurrent hypoglycemia requires your health care provider to identify the condition causing hypoglycemia and treat it. Depending on the cause, treatment may involve:

Nutrition counseling. A review of eating habits and food planning with a registered dietitian may help reduce hypoglycemia.

Medications. If a medication is the cause of your hypoglycemia, your health care provider will likely suggest adding, changing or stopping the medication or adjusting the dosage.

Tumor treatment. A tumor in your pancreas is typically treated by surgical removal of the tumor. In some cases, medication to control hypoglycemia or partial removal of the pancreas is necessary.

Preparing for your appointment

If you have diabetes and you're having repeated episodes of hypoglycemia, or if your blood sugar levels are dropping significantly, talk with your health care provider to find out how you might need to change your diabetes treatment plan.

If you haven't been diagnosed with diabetes, make an appointment with your primary care provider to determine the cause of your hypoglycemia and appropriate treatment.

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who accompanies you can help you remember the information you're given.

What you can do

Before your appointment:

Make a list of your symptoms, including when they started and how often they occur.

List your key medical information, including other conditions for which you're being treated and the names of all medications, vitamins or other supplements you take, including doses.

Provide your diabetes treatment information if you have diabetes. Include the timing and results of recent blood sugar tests, as well as the schedule on which you've been taking your medications, if any.

List your typical daily habits, including alcohol intake, meals and exercise routines. Also, note recent changes to these habits, such as a new exercise routine, or a new job that's changed the times you eat.

Make a list of questions to ask your health care provider.

Questions to ask your health care provider if you have diabetes include:

Are my signs and symptoms due to hypoglycemia?

What do you think is triggering my hypoglycemia?

Do I need to adjust my treatment plan?

Do I need to change my eating or exercise routine?

I have other health conditions. How can I manage these conditions together?

Questions to ask your health care provider if you haven't been diagnosed with diabetes include:

Is hypoglycemia the most likely cause of my symptoms?

What else might be the cause?

What tests do I need?

What self-care steps, including lifestyle changes, can I take to help improve my symptoms?

Should I see a specialist?

What to expect from your doctor

Your health care provider might ask you questions, including:

What symptoms have you been experiencing?

When do your symptoms typically occur?

Does anything seem to trigger your symptoms?

Have you been diagnosed with other medical conditions?

What medications are you currently taking?

Your health care provider will ask additional questions based on your responses, symptoms and needs.
Preparing and anticipating questions will help you make the most of your appointment time.

Medical IDs

Many people with diabetes, particularly those who use insulin, should have a medical ID with them at all times.

In the event of a severe hypoglycemic episode, a car accident, or other emergency, the medical ID can provide critical information about the person's health status, such as the fact that they have diabetes, whether or not they use insulin, whether they have any allergies, etc. Emergency medical personnel are trained to look for a medical ID when they are caring for someone who can't speak for themselves.

Medical IDs are usually worn as a bracelet or a necklace. Traditional IDs are etched with basic, key health information about the person, and some IDs now include compact USB drives that can carry a person's full medical record for use in an emergency.

Hypoglycemia FAQs

How can I fix hypoglycemia quickly?

Eat a sugary snack, such as some jelly beans or 1/2 cup of juice or regular soda. Check your blood sugar again in 15 minutes. If it’s still low or you still don’t feel well, repeat these steps.

Can you be hypoglycemic and not diabetic?

Hypoglycemia is usually a sign of diabetes, but not always. When you don’t have diabetes, hypoglycemia can be caused by certain health issues and medications, drinking too much alcohol, or malnutrition.

Takeaways..

Episodes of hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, are common for people with diabetes. But they can be caused by other things as well. If you get shaky when you’re hungry or have other symptoms of hypoglycemia, talk to your doctor. They can help you figure out what’s causing your low blood sugar and make a plan to manage it.

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